A sonnet is a specific type of poem that has a distinct form and structure. Its origins date back to the 13th century, and over the centuries, it has become one of the most popular and revered forms in poetry. From William Shakespeare to modern poets, the sonnet has continued to captivate readers with its intricate structure and the depth of emotions it conveys.
This article explores the rules for crafting a sonnet. It will examine the history, structure, rhyme schemes, and variations of the sonnet. Additionally, the article will discuss how to write a sonnet, the importance of its rules, and how poets have used these rules to convey their themes.
The Definition and History of the Sonnet
Before diving into the technical rules, it is important to understand what a sonnet is. A sonnet is a 14-line poem that typically follows a specific rhyme scheme and meter. It has its roots in Italy, and the word “sonnet” itself is derived from the Italian word “sonetto,” which means “little song” or “little sound.”
The sonnet was first popularized by the Italian poet Petrarch in the 14th century. His form of the sonnet, known as the Petrarchan sonnet, had a significant impact on the development of the sonnet in European literature. The sonnet was later embraced by English poets, including Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who introduced the form to English-speaking readers. However, it was the English poet William Shakespeare who perfected the English sonnet form, making it famous worldwide.
The sonnet has remained a central form of poetic expression for centuries, and its rules have influenced poets from all over the world.
The Structure of a Sonnet
A sonnet traditionally consists of 14 lines. However, the way those lines are divided and organized can vary based on the type of sonnet. The most commonly used sonnet structures include the Shakespearean (English) sonnet, the Petrarchan (Italian) sonnet, and the Spenserian sonnet.
The Shakespearean Sonnet
The Shakespearean sonnet, also known as the English sonnet, consists of three quatrains (four-line stanzas) and a final couplet (two-line stanza). This structure is characterized by the following key features:
14 Lines: The poem must contain exactly 14 lines.
Iambic Pentameter: Each line in the Shakespearean sonnet is written in iambic pentameter, which means that it has ten syllables with the stress pattern of alternating unstressed and stressed syllables. For example: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
Rhyme Scheme: The rhyme scheme of the Shakespearean sonnet is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. This means that the first and third lines of each quatrain rhyme, and the second and fourth lines rhyme. The final two lines form a rhymed couplet.
The structure of the Shakespearean sonnet provides a balanced and rhythmic flow, allowing poets to introduce and develop ideas in the first three quatrains and then deliver a resolution or a twist in the final couplet.
The Petrarchan Sonnet
The Petrarchan sonnet, also known as the Italian sonnet, is another popular form. It is named after the poet Petrarch, who perfected the sonnet form in Italy. This form consists of two parts:
The Octave: The first eight lines of the sonnet, which follow the rhyme scheme ABBAABBA. These lines typically introduce a problem, a question, or a theme that will be resolved later in the poem.
The Sestet: The last six lines, which can have varying rhyme schemes, such as CDECDE or CDCDCD. The sestet typically offers a resolution, response, or reflection on the problem presented in the octave.
The shift from the octave to the sestet is known as the volta, which is a turning point in the poem. This change often signifies a change in tone, perspective, or argument.
The Spenserian Sonnet
The Spenserian sonnet, developed by Edmund Spenser in the 16th century, is a variation of the Shakespearean form. It consists of three quatrains and a final couplet, but the rhyme scheme is slightly different. It follows the pattern ABAB BCBC CDCD EE.
The Spenserian sonnet connects each quatrain with a rhyming link, which gives the poem a more flowing and connected feel. Like the Shakespearean sonnet, the Spenserian sonnet is also written in iambic pentameter.
The Rhyme Scheme of a Sonnet
The rhyme scheme is one of the most important aspects of a sonnet. It dictates the pattern in which the end words of the lines rhyme. Different sonnet forms employ different rhyme schemes, and understanding these variations is essential for writing a sonnet.
Shakespearean Sonnet Rhyme Scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
As discussed earlier, the Shakespearean sonnet uses the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. This means that the first and third lines of each quatrain rhyme, the second and fourth lines rhyme, and the final two lines form a rhymed couplet.
Petrarchan Sonnet Rhyme Scheme: ABBAABBA (Octave), CDECDE (Sestet)
The Petrarchan sonnet follows the rhyme scheme ABBAABBA for the first eight lines (the octave), and then CDECDE (or similar variations) for the last six lines (the sestet). This structure emphasizes the contrast between the problem or theme introduced in the octave and the resolution or reflection in the sestet.
Spenserian Sonnet Rhyme Scheme: ABAB BCBC CDCD EE
The Spenserian sonnet features a linking rhyme scheme, where each quatrain shares a rhyme with the previous one. This creates a seamless flow between the quatrains, which culminates in the final rhymed couplet.
Meter of a Sonnet
Most sonnets are written in iambic pentameter, which consists of ten syllables per line, following an unstressed-stressed pattern. This means that each line of the sonnet contains five “feet,” each consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. For example, “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
Iambic pentameter has a rhythmic quality that gives the poem a natural flow, allowing for emotional expression and complex thought. Though iambic pentameter is the most common meter in sonnets, some poets may experiment with variations, such as using different meters or breaking the pattern to emphasize certain words or ideas.
The Volta: A Turning Point in a Sonnet
One of the defining features of a sonnet is the volta, or “turn.” The volta marks a shift in tone, perspective, or argument in the poem. It is often found at the beginning of the sestet in a Petrarchan sonnet (after the first eight lines) or in the final couplet of a Shakespearean sonnet.
The volta serves as a way for the poet to introduce a change in the direction of the poem. For example, in a love sonnet, the volta may present a shift from longing to resolution, or from doubt to confidence.
Writing a Sonnet: Tips and Techniques
To craft a successful sonnet, a poet must follow certain rules while also allowing for creativity and expression. Here are some tips for writing a sonnet:
Plan Your Theme
The sonnet is often used to explore themes of love, nature, beauty, time, or philosophy. Before writing, it is important to decide on the central theme or subject matter of the poem. This theme will guide the language, imagery, and tone of the sonnet.
Stick to the Structure
While it is possible to experiment with variations, it is crucial to respect the structural rules of the sonnet, particularly the 14-line format and the meter. These structural elements are what define the sonnet as a unique poetic form.
Use Vivid Imagery and Metaphor
Sonnets often rely on vivid imagery and metaphor to convey emotions and ideas. The conciseness of the form demands that each word be carefully chosen to maximize its impact. Think about how your imagery can resonate with your audience and reinforce the poem’s theme.
Craft the Volta
The volta is one of the most powerful features of the sonnet. It is the point where the poem shifts its direction. Consider how you want to introduce this turning point and what effect it will have on the reader. The volta can bring about a surprise or provide a deep reflection that adds complexity to the poem.
Focus on the Rhyme Scheme
The rhyme scheme is an essential part of the sonnet’s structure. Pay attention to the pattern of rhymes as you write the poem. The rhyme should not feel forced but should instead flow naturally from one line to the next.
Conclusion
The sonnet is a timeless poetic form that has continued to captivate poets and readers for centuries. Its strict rules for structure, rhyme, and meter provide both challenges and opportunities for creative expression. By mastering these rules, poets can create works that are not only technically sound but also emotionally powerful.
Whether in the form of Shakespeare’s musings on love and time or modern explorations of contemporary themes, the sonnet remains a versatile and expressive form. By adhering to its rules while also embracing the opportunity to innovate, poets can continue to contribute to the rich tradition of sonnet writing and leave their own mark on this enduring poetic form.
