The sonnet is one of the most cherished and time-honored forms of poetry, often associated with the works of Shakespeare, Petrarch, and countless other literary giants. Despite its complexity, the sonnet remains accessible to poets of all levels—whether you’re a novice hoping to craft a few lines of verse or a seasoned poet seeking to refine your technique. This guide will demystify the process of writing a sonnet, providing you with all the essential knowledge you need to compose your very own masterpiece.
In this article, we will break down the key components of a sonnet, introduce you to the most popular forms, and guide you step by step through the process of crafting your own. By the end, you’ll have the confidence to write a sonnet that reflects your unique voice while adhering to the form’s traditions.
What is a Sonnet?
A sonnet is a structured poem that traditionally consists of 14 lines, typically written in iambic pentameter. It has a rigid rhyme scheme and a specific thematic structure that often explores topics such as love, nature, beauty, or human emotion. Sonnets are known for their formal nature, which contrasts with more free-flowing poetry.
While the sonnet has evolved over time, its core features remain the same: it is composed of 14 lines, written in a specific meter and rhyme scheme, and usually explores deep, philosophical or emotional themes.
The History of the Sonnet
Before you dive into writing your own sonnet, it’s helpful to understand its rich history. Sonnets originated in Italy in the 13th century, with the poet Petrarch being one of the earliest and most influential users of the form. His sonnets were often devoted to the idealized love of a woman named Laura. The form became immensely popular throughout Europe, particularly in England during the Elizabethan era, when William Shakespeare and other poets further refined it.
Sonnets have stood the test of time due to their compact yet powerful structure. The following sections will focus on the two most popular forms of sonnets: the Petrarchan Sonnet and the Shakespearean Sonnet.
Types of Sonnets
There are several types of sonnets, but the two most prominent forms are the Petrarchan (Italian) sonnet and the Shakespearean (English) sonnet. Each has its own unique structure and rhyme scheme, so it’s essential to know which type you prefer to write before you begin.
The Petrarchan (Italian) Sonnet
The Petrarchan sonnet is divided into two parts: the octave and the sestet.
Octave (First 8 lines): The first eight lines of the sonnet follow the rhyme scheme ABBAABBA. These lines often introduce a problem, dilemma, or emotional conflict.
Sestet (Last 6 lines): The last six lines offer a resolution or reflection on the problem introduced in the octave. The rhyme scheme can vary but is often CDCDCD or CDECDE.
The Petrarchan sonnet has a clear volta, or turn, which typically occurs between the octave and the sestet. This shift marks a change in the argument or emotional tone of the poem.
The Shakespearean (English) Sonnet
The Shakespearean sonnet consists of three quatrains (four-line stanzas) followed by a couplet (two-line stanza).
Quatrains: Each of the three quatrains has the rhyme scheme ABAB. The quatrains often develop different aspects of the theme.
Couplet: The final two lines of the poem form a rhymed couplet with the rhyme scheme CC. The couplet typically provides a twist, conclusion, or insight into the preceding quatrains.
Unlike the Petrarchan sonnet, the Shakespearean sonnet doesn’t have a specific division between the argument and resolution. Instead, it flows continuously, with the couplet at the end providing a punchline or a final reflection.
Key Elements of a Sonnet
Understanding the structure of a sonnet is essential, but there are also other important components that contribute to its success. Below are the primary elements of a sonnet that you need to be aware of:
Meter: Iambic Pentameter
Sonnets are usually written in iambic pentameter, a type of metrical pattern that consists of ten syllables per line, with a specific emphasis on every other syllable. In iambic pentameter, each line has five “feet” (pairs of syllables), with the stress pattern being:
For example:
- Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? (Shakespeare, Sonnet 18)
If you’re new to iambic pentameter, try reading the line aloud. You’ll notice that the rhythm naturally alternates between unstressed and stressed syllables. Practice writing your sonnet in this meter to capture the traditional rhythm.
Rhyme Scheme
As mentioned earlier, a sonnet adheres to a particular rhyme scheme. Whether you choose a Petrarchan or Shakespearean sonnet, the rhyme scheme is a fundamental feature that defines the structure of the poem. As a reminder:
Petrarchan (Italian) Sonnet: ABBAABBA (octave) and CDCDCD or CDECDE (sestet).
Shakespearean (English) Sonnet: ABAB (quatrain 1), CDCD (quatrain 2), EFEF (quatrain 3), GG (couplet).
Understanding the rhyme scheme will help you craft your poem in a way that stays true to the sonnet form.
Volta (The Turn)
The volta, or “turn,” is a key feature in many sonnets. It marks a shift in tone or perspective, either between the octave and sestet in a Petrarchan sonnet or at the beginning of the final couplet in a Shakespearean sonnet.
The volta could signify a change in the subject matter, an emotional shift, or a moment of insight or realization. It’s an essential part of the sonnet that keeps the reader engaged and adds depth to the poem.
Step-by-Step Guide to Writing a Sonnet
Now that you have an understanding of the sonnet’s history, structure, and key elements, it’s time to start writing. Follow this step-by-step guide to create your own sonnet.
Step 1: Choose Your Theme
Start by selecting a theme for your sonnet. Many sonneteers write about timeless topics like love, beauty, nature, or time. However, don’t be afraid to choose a more personal or unique theme that speaks to you.
Step 2: Select Your Sonnet Type
Decide whether you want to write a Petrarchan or Shakespearean sonnet. If you’re new to sonnets, the Shakespearean form may be easier to follow because it has a more straightforward structure. If you want a more classical feel, the Petrarchan sonnet offers a more intricate division.
Step 3: Brainstorm Ideas
Before you begin writing, jot down ideas related to your theme. What do you want to express in your sonnet? What emotions or insights do you want to convey? Brainstorming will give you a sense of direction as you begin drafting.
Step 4: Write Your First Draft
Start writing your first draft, keeping in mind the meter (iambic pentameter) and the rhyme scheme. Don’t worry if your first draft isn’t perfect—sonnets are all about revision.
For each line, ensure that it fits within the iambic pentameter structure. If the rhythm feels off, adjust the syllables or word choice.
Follow the rhyme scheme closely, using a rhyming dictionary or thesaurus if necessary.
Step 5: Focus on the Volta
If you’re writing a Petrarchan sonnet, be sure to include a volta between the octave and the sestet. In a Shakespearean sonnet, use the final couplet to provide a turn in your argument or perspective.
Step 6: Revise and Refine
Once you have a draft, read it aloud and see how it sounds. Are the lines flowing smoothly? Does the rhythm sound natural? Does the rhyme scheme make sense? Revise the poem to improve the clarity, rhythm, and emotional impact.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Writing a sonnet can be challenging, but common pitfalls can be easily avoided with practice. Here are some mistakes to watch out for:
Ignoring the Meter: While it’s tempting to write freely, remember that sonnets typically follow iambic pentameter. Skipping the meter can lead to a disjointed and awkward poem.
Forgetting the Rhyme Scheme: Adhering to the rhyme scheme is crucial. Deviating from it too much can make your sonnet feel incomplete or amateurish.
Weak Volta: The volta is one of the most important aspects of the sonnet. Don’t let it feel forced or irrelevant to the theme.
Conclusion
Writing a sonnet may seem intimidating at first, but with the right understanding of its structure and techniques, you can create a poem that resonates with both beauty and depth. Whether you choose the traditional Petrarchan form or the more modern Shakespearean variant, the sonnet remains a versatile and powerful way to express emotion, thought, and creativity. Keep practicing, and remember: even the greatest sonneteers started with humble beginnings.
By following the steps outlined in this guide, you’ll be on your way to composing a sonnet that stands the test of time. Happy writing!
